Marseille Residential Roof

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LOCATION

Location

24 Boulevard Vert Clos,
Marseille, France

Co-ordinates

Lat: 43.3739
Lon: 5.3595

Elevation

150 m
55 m

DATA ACQUISITION (NATURAL RESOURCE)

Fig 1

Fig. 1: Hourly averaged daily DNI data (Y2021)

Fig 2

Fig. 2: Horizon and Sunpath

Fig. 3: Monthly DHI & GHI data (Y2021)

OTHER STATS

0
kWh/kWp

Specific photovoltaic power output

0
kWh/kWp

Yearly Global horizontal irradiation

0
kWh/m2

Yearly Diffuse horizontal irradiation

0
kWh/m2

Specific photovoltaic power output

0
oC

Air Temperature

0
Degrees

Optimum Tilt

0
kWh/kWp

Specific photovoltaic power output

0
kWh/kWp

Yearly Global horizontal irradiation

0
kWh/m2

Yearly Diffuse horizontal irradiation

0
kWh/m2

Specific photovoltaic power output

0
oC

Air Temperature

0
Degrees

Optimum Tilt

LOCATION SURVEY

Fig 5

Fig. 5: Dimensions of Project Site

Fig 6

Fig. 6: Roof Tilt – 25o

Design

Major Components

PV Panels

For the first iteration, the choice for Jinko Solar were made on the decision to choose a reputed Tier 1- Manufacturer. Mono-crystalline Modules were chosen to maximise energy output. 

Selection of Modules are based on the following factors in the order of most to least importance:

  • Cost
  • Technology Type
  • Efficiency
  • Availability
  • Warranty & Service Support
Specification Sheet
General Data
Manufacturer
Jinko Solar
Model Name
JKM 305M-60-V
Type
Monocrystalline
Model Dimensions
1665 mm × 1002 mm × 35 mm
Weight
19 kg
Electrical Properties
Rated Power
305 kW
Power Tolerance
+ 3%/ -0%
MPP Voltage (VMPP)
32.8 V
MPP Current (IMPP)
9.3 A
Open Circuit Current (VOC)
39.2 V
Short Circuit Current (ISC)
10.12 A
Module Efficiency
18.73 %
Power Temperature Coefficient
-0.39 %/oC
Voltage Temperature Coefficient
-0.127 %/oC
Current Temperature Coefficient
-0.03 %/oC
Warranty
Period
25 years
LID
3 %
Annual Degradation
0.67 %

Total

PV Modules per String
13
No of Strings
1
Total Modules
13
Unit Nominal Power
305 Wp
Nominal Power
3.7 kWp
Tilt
25o
Azimuth
43.1o
Module Area
21.3o

Inverter

An inverter is required to convert unregulated DC signals to regulated AC signals. A choice has to first be made between the two types of inverters i.e., string or centralised inverter. Since the project is small, string inverters are used instead of central inverters. These inverters have MPPT functionality and are less affected by shading. These types of inverters are also easier to maintain or replace.

A SMA string inverter (Sunny Boy 3600 TL-21) with 2 MPPT trackers is chosen. Additionally, there is no requirement of combiner boxes as there is only one string.

Specification Sheet
General Data
Manufacturer
SMA
Model Name
Sunny Boy 3600 TL-21
Type
String
Model Dimensions
490 mm × 519 mm × 185 mm
Number of MPP Trackers
2
Number of DC Connections
1
Weight
26 kg
Electrical Properties
AC Nominal Power Output
3.7 kW
Max Input Current
15 A
Minimum Power Point Voltage
175 V
Maximum Power Point Voltage
500 V
Max Voltage DC
750 V
Frequency
50/60 Hz
Grid Connection
3-NPE 230V
Efficiency
96.3%
Operating Conditions
Operating Temperature
-25 to +60 oC
Degree of Protection
IP 65

Total

Unit Nominal Power
3.7 kWac
No of Inverters
1
Total Nominal Power
3.7 kWac
Pnom
1.08
Operational Voltage Range
175 – 500 V

Other Electrical Components Summary

DC Side

Cable Design
String Voltage
426.4 V
MPP Current
9.3 A
Material
Copper
Length
20 m
Cable Thickness
1.5 mm2
Resistance
12.1 Ω/km2
% Voltage Drop
1.16%
Fuse
Short Circuit Current
10.12 V
Fuse Size Rating
16 A

DC Side

Current Carrying Capacity
Type of Supply
DC
Placement
Ground
Rated Current
30 A
Temperature
50 o
Insulation Material
PVC
Nature of Material
Dry Soil
Arrangement
Surface embedded
Actual Current Capacity
18.9 A
Current in Circuit
9.3 A
Isolator
Short Circuit Current
10.12 V
Isolator Current Rating
16 A
Panel Voc
39.2 V
String Voc
509.6 V
Isolator Voltage Rating
600 V

AC Side

Cable Design (Inverter to DB)
Output Voltage
230 V
AC Output Current
9.24 A
Material
Copper
Length
5 m
Cable Thickness
2.5 mm2
Resistance
9.48 Ω/km2
% Voltage Drop
0.36%
Current Carrying Capacity (Inverter to DB)
Type of Supply
AC
Placement
Ground
Rated Current
26 A
Temperature
50 o
Insulation Material
PVC
Nature of Material
Dry Soil
Arrangement
Surface embedded
Actual Current Capacity
16.4 A
Current in Circuit
9.24 A
Circuit Breaker (Inverter to DB)
Total Current
9.24 A
Circuit Breaker Rating
16 A
Type
MCB

DC Side

Cable Design (DB to Power Excavation Point)
Output Voltage
230 V
AC Output Current
9.24 A
Material
Copper
Length
50 m
Cable Thickness
10 mm2
Resistance
2.34 Ω/km2
% Voltage Drop
0.89%
Current Carrying Capacity (DB to PEP)
Type of Supply
AC
Placement
Air
Rated Current
73 A
Temperature
50 o
Insulation Material
PVC
Nature of Material
Dry Soil
Arrangement
Surface embedded
Actual Current Capacity
52 A
Current in Circuit
9.24 A
Circuit Breaker (DB to PEP)
Total Current
9.24 A
Circuit Breaker Rating
16 A
Type
MCB

Single Line Diagram

Premium Content 🔒

Fig. 8. 3D Shading Structure

Losses

Thermal Parameter

Mounting Structure
Integration with fully insulated back
Thermal Loss Factor
15 W/m2K
Wind Loss Factor
0 W/m2K.m/s

Ohmic Losses

DC Circuit Loss Fraction at STC
1.16%
AC Circuit Loss Fraction at STC
1.25%

Module

Efficiency Loss
– 0.5 %
LID Loss Factor
2 %
Mismatch Power Loss at MPP
2 %
Loss when at Field Voltage
2.5 %

Strings Voltage

Mismatch Power Loss at MPP
0.1 %

Soiling Loss

Yearly Loss Factor
3 %

Unavailability

Time Fraction
2 %

3D Shading

Fig 8

Fig. 8. 3D Shading Structure

Fig 9

Fig. 9. Summary of all losses

Results

Fig 10

Fig. 10: Hourly Energy Production breakdown for the year (kWh)

Fig 11

Fig. 11: Monthly Energy Production breakdown with Losses (kWh)

Fig 12

Fig. 12: Performance Ratio (%)

Fig 13

Fig. 13: Daily Input/Output Diagram

Fig 14

Fig. 14. Daily System Output Energy

Fig 15

Fig. 15: Array Power Distribution

Fig 16

Fig. 16: Probability Distribution Results (P50, P75 & P90)

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Fig 17

Fig. 17: Breakdown of costs (USD)

A cash flow is drawn by combining the various costs (Hardware, Installation, Soft Costs & OPEX) along with the cost offset (revenue) by supplying part of the electricity requirements. The Capital investment associated with the construction phase is fully made in Y 1. The plant moves on to the operational phase at the beginning of Y 2 and continues operating for the next 25 years i.e. till Y 26. Finally, at the end of the lifespan of the plant (Y 27), where the plant is decommissioned.

Table 1

Table. 1: Costs & KPI 

Fig 18

Fig. 18: Cumulative Cash Return graph

Carbon Balance

Fig 19

Fig. 16: Carbon Balance

Interested to know more?

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14 

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14