Hamburg Commercial Roof

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LOCATION

Location

Hauptbahnhof, 
20099 Hamburg, Germany

Co-ordinates

Lat: 53.5530
Lon: 10.0065

Elevation

16 m
55 m

DATA ACQUISITION (NATURAL RESOURCE)

Fig. 1: Hourly averaged daily DNI data (Y2021)

Fig. 2: Horizon and Sunpath

Fig. 3: Monthly DHI & GHI data (Y2021)

OTHER STATS

0
kWh/kWp

Specific photovoltaic power output

0
kWh/kWp

Yearly Global horizontal irradiation

0
kWh/m2

Yearly Diffuse horizontal irradiation

0
kWh/m2

Specific photovoltaic power output

0
oC

Air Temperature

0
Degrees

Optimum Tilt

0
kWh/kWp

Specific photovoltaic power output

0
kWh/kWp

Yearly Global horizontal irradiation

0
kWh/m2

Yearly Diffuse horizontal irradiation

0
kWh/m2

Specific photovoltaic power output

0
oC

Air Temperature

0
Degrees

Optimum Tilt

LOCATION SURVEY

Fig. 4: Dimensions of Project Site

Fig. 5: Roof Tilt – 10o

Design

Major Components

PV Panels

For the first iteration, the choice for SunPower were made on the decision to choose a reputed Tier 1- Manufacturer. Mono-crystalline Modules were chosen as there is space restriction and to maximise energy output. 

Selection of Modules are based on the following factors in the order of most to least importance:

  • Cost
  • Technology Type
  • Efficiency
  • Availability
  • Warranty & Service Support
Specification Sheet
General Data
Manufacturer
SunPower
Model Name
X22-360
Type
Monocrystalline
Model Dimensions
1558 mm × 1046 mm × 46 mm
Weight
18.6 kg
Electrical Properties
Rated Power
360 kW
Power Tolerance
+ 5%/ -0%
MPP Voltage (VMPP)
59.1 V
MPP Current (IMPP)
6.09 A
Open Circuit Current (VOC)
69.5 V
Short Circuit Current (ISC)
6.48 A
Module Efficiency
22.2 %
Power Temperature Coefficient
-0.29 %/oC
Voltage Temperature Coefficient
-167.4 mV/oC
Current Temperature Coefficient
2.9 mA/oC
Warranty
Period
25 years
LID
2 %
Annual Degradation
0.25 %

Sub-Array 1

PV Modules per String
12
No of Strings
42
Total Modules
504
Unit Nominal Power
360 Wp
Nominal Power
168 kWp
Tilt
10o
Azimuth
74o

Sub-Array 2

PV Modules per String
12
No of Strings
42
Total Modules
504
Unit Nominal Power
360 Wp
Nominal Power
168 kWp
Tilt
10o
Azimuth
-106o

Total

Total Modules
1008
Cell Area,/b>
1766 m2
Module Area
1483 m2
Total Nominal Power
363 kWp

Inverter

An inverter is required to convert unregulated DC signals to regulated AC signals. A choice has to first be made between the two types of inverters i.e., string or centralised inverter. Since the project is not extremely large, string inverters are used instead of central inverters. These inverters have MPPT functionality and are less affected by shading. These types of inverters are also easier to maintain or replace.

A Fronius string inverter (Eco 25.0-3-S) with an MPPT tracker is chosen. Additionally, there is no requirement of combiner boxes as the chosen inverter has 6 DC input connections. Furthermore, it has 6 fuse holders which has to be equipped after accurate sizing. 

Specification Sheet
General Data
Manufacturer
Fronius
Model Name
Eco 25.0.3-S
Type
String
Model Dimensions
725 mm × 510 mm × 225 mm
Number of MPP Trackers
1
Number of DC Connections
6
Weight
35.7 kg
Electrical Properties
AC Nominal Power Output
25 kW
Max Input Power
37.8 kW
Max Input Current
44.2 A
Max Array Short Circuit Current
66.3 A
Minimum Power Point Voltage
580 V
Maximum Power Point Voltage
850 V
Max Voltage DC
1000 V
Overvoltage Categ. (DC/AC)
2/3 A
Frequency
50/60 Hz
Grid Connection
3-NPE 400V/230V
Efficiency
98.2%
Operating Conditions
Operating Temperature
-25 to +60 oC
Degree of Protection
IP 66

Sub-Array 1

Unit Nominal Power
25 kWac
No of Inverters
7
Total Nominal Power
175 kWac
Pnom
1.04
Operational Voltage Range
580 – 850 V

Sub-Array 2

Unit Nominal Power
25 kWac
No of Inverters
7
Total Nominal Power
175 kWac
Pnom
1.04
Operational Voltage Range
580 – 850 V

Other Electrical Components Summary

DC Side

Cable Design
String Voltage
709.2 V
MPP Current
6.09 A
Material
Copper
Length
200 m
Cable Thickness
6 mm2
Resistance
3.08 Ω/km2
% Voltage Drop
1.24 %

DC Side

Isolator
Short Circuit Current
6.48 V
Isolator Current Rating
10 A
Panel Voc
69.5 V
String Voc
834 V
Isolator Voltage Rating
1000 V
Fuse
Short Circuit Current
6.48 V
Fuse Size Rating
10 A

AC Side

Cable Design (Inverter to DB)
Output Voltage
400 V
AC Output Current
37.9 A
Material
Copper
Length
15 m
Cable Thickness
16 mm2
Resistance
1.47 Ω/km2
% Voltage Drop
0.4%
Circuit Breaker (Inverter to DB)
Total Current
37.9 A
Circuit Breaker Rating
50 A
Type
MCB

DC Side

Cable Design (DB to Power Excavation Point)
Output Voltage
709.2 V
AC Output Current
530.6 A
Material
Copper
Length
150 m
Cable Thickness
500 mm2
Resistance
0.047 Ω/km2
% Voltage Drop
1.77%
Circuit Breaker (DB to PEP)
Total Current
530.6 A
Circuit Breaker Rating
800 A
Type
MCCB

Single Line Diagram

Premium Content 🔒

Fig. 8. 3D Shading Structure

Losses

Thermal Parameter

Mounting Structure
Integration with fully insulated back
Thermal Loss Factor
15 W/m2K
Wind Loss Factor
0 W/m2K.m/s

Ohmic Losses

DC Circuit Loss Fraction at STC
1.24 %
AC Circuit Loss Fraction at STC
2.17 %

Module

Efficiency Loss
– 1.3 %
LID Loss Factor
2 %
Mismatch Power Loss at MPP
2 %
Loss when at Field Voltage
2.5 %

Strings Voltage

Mismatch Power Loss at MPP
0.1 %

Soiling Loss

Yearly Loss Factor
3 %

Unavailability

Time Fraction
2 %

3D Shading

3D Animation

Fig. 7. 3D Shading Structure

Fig. 8. Summary of all losses

Results

Fig. 9: Hourly Energy Production breakdown for the year (kWh)

Energy Production

Fig. 10: Monthly Energy Production breakdown with Losses (kWh)

Fig. 11: Monthly Energy Production (kWh) with Performance Ratio (%)

Fig. 12: Daily Input/Output Diagram

Fig. 13. Daily System Output Energy

Fig. 14: Array Power Distribution

Fig. 15: Probability Distribution Results (P50, P75 & P90)

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Fig. 16: Breakdown of costs (USD)

A cash flow is drawn by combining the various costs (Hardware, Installation, Soft Costs & OPEX) along with the cost offset (revenue) by supplying part of the electricity requirements. The Capital investment associated with the construction phase is fully made in Y 1. The plant moves on to the operational phase at the beginning of Y 2 and continues operating for the next 25 years i.e. till Y 26. Finally, at the end of the lifespan of the plant (Y 27), where the plant is decommissioned.

Table. 1: Costs & KPI 

Fig. 17: Cumulative Cash Return graph

Interested to know more?

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14 

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system.

It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system’s overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity, they are not to be confused with other solar technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.[1]:30[2][3]

Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined since their introduction. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014, prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the

United States were around $3.29 per watt,[4] while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt.[5] Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system’s overall cost,[6] leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.[7]:14